The Sherpas or Sherpa are an ethnic group originating in Nepal, widely recognized for their profound knowledge of mountainous terrain, their extraordinary altitude endurance and their fundamental role in Himalayan expeditions. Their name comes from the Tibetan language and means “people of the east”, due to their roots in eastern Tibet.
Since the beginning of the 20th century, Sherpas have been known to accompany and assist climbers, helping them carry their equipment and guiding them on the ascent to the highest point on the planet: the summit of Everest.
Sherpa guides, mostly young men, are the engine of any expedition. Not only do they carry additional equipment – such as ropes, tents, oxygen tanks, food and climbers’ belongings – but they also stand out as experts because of their deep connection to the mountains. They face extreme temperatures that can drop to -60 °C and assist climbers in crossing icefalls, avalanche-prone areas and considerable altitudes. Thanks to a unique evolutionary adaptation, the Sherpa people have developed an amazing ability to withstand the harsh conditions of the Himalayas, including the scarcity of oxygen that has characterized the high regions where they have lived for centuries.
Unlike climbers, the Sherpas’ physiology is unique and researchers call it an advantageous genetic mutation. Not only do they use glucose instead of fat to produce energy, but oxygen is distributed more efficiently throughout the body because their blood is less dense, and they do not produce an excess of red blood cells.
Overcoming and extreme risk
Climbing the highest mountain on the planet represents a milestone of great significance: a monumental challenge that demands intense physical, mental and emotional preparation. Reaching the summit of Everest is an achievement celebrated and admired around the world, and being part of the small group of people who have achieved it commands international respect and recognition.
However, reaching the top of the world is a potentially deadly activity due to the inherent dangers of the route, extreme physical conditions, high altitude, low oxygen pressure, avalanches and ice slides. As human beings, we are not naturally adapted to tackle Everest. Only with thorough preparation, proper acclimatization, the use of advanced technology and the support of expert guides it is possible to complete the ascent. But is it worth it taking the risk of having one in a 100 chance of dying in the attempt?
Over the last century, more than 300 people have lost their lives in the Everest region, and approximately one third of these deaths have been Sherpas. Unfortunately, many of the bodies remain on the mountain, because not everyone can afford to recover their loved ones at an altitude of over 8,000 meters, not only because of the high economic cost, but also because of the enormous danger involved in the operation.
Climbing Mount Everest tests the limits of life itself, and each step is a struggle against constant danger. In this unforgiving environment, Sherpas not only leave their footprints in the snow, but also imprint their courage, wisdom and silent sacrifice on each expedition. Their legacy goes beyond the summit.